No flights + no 5G + softest water = best living candidates.
Border (clean status)
Clean (no flights, no 5G)
Flights only ·
5G only
Fill (water hardness, mg/L CaCO₃)
very soft (≤70)
soft (71–150)
medium (151–250)
hard (251–350)
very hard (>350)
no data
Air quality (PM2.5 µg/m³, 30-day mean)
excellent (≤5, WHO AQG)
good (≤10)
moderate (≤15)
poor (≤25, EU limit)
very poor (>25)
Spain hardness: SINAC measured (DATADISTA)
Rest of EU hardness: Ca→CaCO₃ from Weber et al. 2021 ESSD (Zenodo 4139912)
Air quality: Open-Meteo / CAMS European reanalysis · 30-day PM2.5 mean